Mankind: The Story of All of Us (2012) s01e08 Episode Script
Treasure
We are many.
We create diferents worlds.
But mankind shares the same desires.
Now the riches of the new world wore out across the planet.
creating new desires new wealth and new conflicts.
It will give birth to a connected world.
Amidst the chaos on unforgiving planet most species will fail.
But for one, all the pieces will fall into place and the set of keys will unlock a path for mankind to triumph.
This is our story, the story of all of us.
----------------------- 1579, the Pacific ocean off the coast of South America.
A ship on a mission that launches a new age of piracy.
Small, fast, armed with 18 cannons.
At the helm an Englishman, Francis Drake.
Farmer's son, fearless navigator and the most successful pirate in history.
In his sight a Spanish galleon, load it with the metal so valuable, that will change the world.
Drake's secret partner in crime is the English Queen, Elizabeth I.
Drake was given letters of reprisal signed by the British crown, which meant that he could go and raid Spanish shipping.
What he did was piracy.
He has already plundered over 70 Spanish ships.
The King of Spain he put a price on his head.
10 000 000 dollars today.
Dead or alive.
The Spanish ship the Cacafuego, heads for the coast of Panama with the most valuable cargo ever seen at sea.
In its hold 26 tons of silver from the Americas, worth 30 million dollars today.
Barrels thrown off the stern slow Drake's ship down.
So he was gaining on her very slowly, very slightly, imperceptibly and not looking like a following threat.
And why they would expect one? They were no foreign ships in the Pacific.
Disguise as a harmless Spanish merchant, Drake's ship has been chasing the Cacafuego for 14 days.
Nothing worth better than deception.
You can give the unexpected, if you can set up your enemy, so they think one thing while you do another thing, you are gonna gain an advantage on a battlefield.
But Drake can't risk an all-out attack.
Instead of going to flat-out war with another vessel where he takes the chance of sinking that vessel or having his vessel sink, he wants to get it close as possible so that he can seize that vessel whole.
His plan a surgical strike from close quarters to take out the Spanish galleon main mast.
Success on a battlefield whether it's land or sea, is all about stacking the right advantage in your favor at the right time, so, when the moment comes, you execute perfectly.
Fire! Two cannon balls chained together smashed through the mast.
Now she couldn't flee even if she try.
She was incapacitated.
The richest pirate hold the world had ever seen.
Enough to pay off England's entire national debt and found its government for a year.
American silver, the key to a new global economy that transforms lives in every corner of the planet.
In 50 years the Spanish and Portuguese have carved out vast new empires in a New world.
From a New Mexico on the North to Argentina on the South.
In high in the Andes in South America a discovery that will launch a new era in the story of mankind.
Potosi, a mountain made of silver, formed when continental plates collide 170 million years ago.
The Andes are the richest source of silver in the world.
Magma from the Earth's crust pushes rich silver vein towards the surface, creating in Potosi silver veins up to 12 feet thick.
In the next 300 years Potosi will supply 80 percent of all the silver in the world.
We are put great value on that what is rare.
You can take silver and break it up into a small bits, so do they become a standard value currency with at you can purchase and you can trade with other societies.
And it's going increase the wealth of the entire world.
But in within 20 years the richest silver ore is mined out, leaving Spanish engineers with the problem.
Remaining ore is too low grade for the silver to be extracted using heat.
Spanish has never encountered anything like silver ore before and they didn't know how to refine it.
The technics they used just end up boiling oil the silver.
The riches of America trapped inside its rocks.
But in 1553, a man arrives with the secret formula, the key that unlocks the wealth of the New world.
Bartolome Medina.
Experimenter, innovator, entrepreneur.
A textile trader from Spain.
He traveled 5000 miles to make his fortune.
His idea will build new cities and empires, create new ways of living, lunch new conflicts and help to funds some of the man-made wonders of the world.
A chemical formula for extracting silver using mercury.
But at first, the method that worked in Europe fails.
Medina doesn't realize that the silver bearing rocks of the Andes have a few traces of copper than those of Europe essential for formula to work.
For months he experiments, searching for a solution.
"I have suffered mental anguish.
I begged our Lady to enlighten, guide me, so that I might be successful.
" Medina was an entrepreneur who saw a problem and fidelity and experimented to until he came up with the solution.
Finally, a breakthrough.
The missing ingredient a common substance used to tan leather, copper sulfate.
Reacting with mercury the missing catalyst that separates the silver from its impurities.
The key that turns the mines of Potosi into the richest source of silver mankind has ever known.
What Medina did he made those silver mines of South America dramatically more productive and the flow of silver going to global trade just took off over night.
220 tons of silver mined each year.
Potosi becomes the busiest industrial complex in the world.
In each year in three giant furnaces the Spanish mint 2,5 million silver coins.
"Pesos de Ocho", pieces of eight, the world's first universal currency.
Silver becomes the key to mankind's prosperity.
These Spanish coins were seen everywhere in the world.
They unite the world into web of commerce.
A single coin worth the equivalent of 80 dollars today.
Legal tender in the USA to until 1857.
The scroll and pillars of the Spanish Royal press inspires one of the world's most potent symbol, the dollar sign.
The result is extraordinary.
The entire world's economy has affected as the silver just explodes crosses the Pacific, crosses into Europe and and enormous burst of prosperity.
This is the true beginning of globalization.
Spanish fleets shipped 50 000 tons of silver out of the Americas, creating a new Atlantic trade.
Suddenly we have mass quantities coming onto the market which is going to really transform all of European trade and we will see whole new booming economy in Europe.
New trading centers rise.
Seville, Lisbon, London and on the coast of small new country, Netherlands, the world's richest and busiest trading city, Amsterdam.
A city of a new wealth and new desires, about to trigger the world's most extraordinary boom and bust and gambled its future on a flower, the tulip.
Amsterdam, 1649.
A city flush with new money.
A century after the Spanish conquest of the New world, the riches of the Americas and an explosion of global trade have turned Netherlands into the richest nation on the planet.
The Dutch control over half of the world shipment.
More new millionaires than anywhere else on Earth.
The highest income per a head in Europe.
A city in love with gambling.
Caught at been excitement Jan van Goyen.
Struggling artist, looking for a new way to make his fortune.
In a wealthy city, city of great merchants and great enterprises he is a guy on the move.
And he wants to get in on this action.
New wealth drives to demand for new luxuries and one exotic import has captured the public imagination, the Tulip.
Imported from Turkey the pattern of the most exotic Tulips are created by a virus that attacks only some bulbs, make them rare and hard to cultivate.
Today, it Tulip bulbs sells for about 50 cents, but in Holland 1636 the rarest bulbs are selling for a 100-times their weight in gold.
Amsterdam's merchants are inventing new ways of making money, the birth of speculation.
In the back rooms of taverns Tulips merchants sell not flowers or bulbs, but the rights to next year harvest.
The world's first future market.
Today all agricultural products are sold in the future market.
You can buy crops that have not been harvested yet.
Similar way tulips were bought in advance of their delivery date.
In one month November 1636 the price of Tulips shares has quadruple.
Van Goyen sees an opportunity.
To until now if you were nobility or you were the great merchant you were wealthy but here is the chance for the common people to become wealthy.
Confident of a quick return Van Goyen invests all his savings in Tulip's shares.
By the beginning of December the price of Tulip bulbs reaches 10-times their price a month before.
A bubble has started to inflect.
By December 12.
the price doubles again.
At an auction in nearby Leiden seven penniless orphans of innkeeper pin their hopes for the future on their dead father's small collection of Tulip bulbs.
In less than an hour each child earns 40-times the annual income of an average craftsmen.
Tulips turns orphans into millionaires and the price continues to rise.
Holland is gripped by tulip mania.
If you watched the price of Tulips go up and up and up, you started to think you are a full if you don't get on escalator on way up.
Three days later Van Goyen like many others buy some more Tulips shares.
He may well know that a tulip is only a tulip and not worth a fortune but if other people think it's worth a fortune than you'll make a lot of money.
By January 1637, the price has doubled again.
Now, a few wise investors decide to sell their shares and make fortunes.
Everything in financial markets is about timing.
The time you enter a contract and the time you get out.
Van Goyen hangs on to his confident that the market will continue to rise and rise.
I can see myself in his shoes.
He saw the orphans getting rich and he thought he would like to be in the mix himself, that if he didn't get in that he miss the dou, he missed his chance.
Unfortunately, his timing was wrong.
Suddenly, on February 3th 1637 at an auction in the city of Haarlem a consignment of Tulips bulbs goes unsold.
Within days investors panic and rushed to sell their shares.
But there are no buyers.
Price is crashed.
Tulips ones sold for 5000 guilders now worthless.
From boom to bust.
And Dutch investors discovered the truth that mankind is still learning today, that the value of investments can go down as well as up.
Boom and bust have been with us since trade has been with us.
But what's special about tulip mania is the fact that people like Van Goyen non specialist, non-traders are not qualified to understand the value of the bulb there getting involved in this trade, y frankly, there are not in position to absorb the risk.
Van Goyen is ruined.
He never makes his fortune, but in painting his way out of debt over 1200 pictures and 800 drawings two becomes one of Holland's most prolific and greatest artist.
New wealth transform society in Europe with new desires and new temptations.
Leading one group of religious radicals to reject this world is corrupt and ungodly and set out on the journey that will transform the future of the continent, North America.
They called themselves pilgroups.
They arrived in a New world and search of religious freedom.
The pilgrims rejected the society they were in.
They believed that the only way to preserved their religious belief pristine was to get away, to go somewhere where they wouldn't be bothered and the most importantly where their children wouldn't be tempted by what they had seen in Holland and England.
"A great hope and even would seal we had of laying some great foundation for advancing the Gospel of the kingdom of Christ in these remote parts of the world.
" America represent a cleans slay because to their way of thinking it was empty.
But in within months the pilgrims are struggling to survive.
Their land at the start of a bitter New England winter.
Their crops fail.
Malnutrition, starvation, disease.
A 102 men, women and children make the crossing.
Six months later 50 of them are dead.
The pilgrims buried their dead at first light to hide how weaken they become, because the land they settled on is not empty.
It belongs to Abenaki.
An encounter between two worlds is about to shape the future of mankind.
In New England 50 pioneers prepare to fight for their lives.
The future of the continent hangs in the balance.
Not all are pilgrims.
Among them a soldier, Miles Standish.
Brave, impulsive, the groups military commander.
There's somebody out there.
Get the gate in place.
Now! Now! Now! Ladies get inside.
Welcome, Englishman.
Welcome.
3000 miles from home the first native American pilgrims encounter greets them in their own language.
Samoset, a Abenaki chief.
His English learned from earlier visitors to this coast.
I we think back to how fearful the English are of being here here's what they might think is the sign from God.
He actually speaks our language.
It could have been a really violent encounter and Samoset he get a lot more credit for that, brings the things down on ounce.
The next day Samoset brings another English speaking warrior, Squanto.
Diplomat, politician, the man who will teach the pilgrims to survive in the new world.
Squanto has spent a year in Europe.
Kidnapped and sold as a slave in Spain.
He wins his freedom and makes his way to London where he learns English.
Hired as an interpreter for English merchants he eventually earns his passage back home.
William Bradford, governor of the pilgrims writes: "Squanto was a special instrument sent of God and never left until he died.
" He guides the pilgrims through his world, brokering friendships, alliances, their survival guide in their new world.
He taught them what he and his people had learned in isolation over the millennia.
The crops the pilgrims bring from Europe had failed in poor sandy soil.
Squanto teaches them to fish and use their catch as fertilizer.
It's surely must of come as a revelation to see people using fish to make the soil more productive.
To the early pilgrims must have been quite a surprise.
And the crop they had never seen before, corn.
The key to their survival and still today the most widely grown crop in the Americas.
William Bredford records: "We set some 20 acres of corn according to the man of the Indians.
And now we began together up the small harvest.
We will well recovered in health and have all things in plenty.
" They discovered perhaps to their surprise that the Indians weren't simply a savages whose simply hunted and fish, they had grown crops.
There was an exchange of ideas, each site learn from the other and its seem like a productive enterprise on behalf of both sides.
A moment of cooperation all too rare in the story of the New world.
The pilgrims were important for what they represent in terms of Europe's preparations to essentially explode out across the Atlantic and reproduce itself.
Not only in North America and South America other parts of the world as well.
10 percent of all Americans today are descendants of these first 50 pioneers.
Thousands more will follow.
Within a hundred years they found great trading cities that rival those of Europe.
Charleston, Philadelphia, New York, Boston.
50 pioneers who turned their back to world devoted to making money lay the foundations of the United States, the greatest trading nation of the future.
But while corn and cooperation transforms North America a new commodity sweeping the world.
Sugar changes the destiny of another continent, Africa.
Leading one woman, a warrior queen to a desperate struggle for her kingdom and her people.
Ndongo, Central África, today part of northern Angola.
In a struggle for resources that shapes the world we living today one woman fights to keep hold for their kingdom.
Queen Nzinga Mbande.
Skillful strategist, warrior Queen.
Nzinga was a ferocious woman, who was the ruler, but she was very complicated.
Queen Nzinga confronts of formidable enemy, Portuguese.
They want her territory and her people as slaves.
Portuguese plantations in a New world need a work force to produce a new crop changing mankind's taste, sugar.
Humans are drawn to sweetness more than any other flavor.
Today we eat up to half of our body weight in sugar every year.
In the Americas in Caribbean the Spanish and Portuguese lay out vast new plantations of sugarcane.
People always want a luxurious food that taste good and the hunt for luxury is driven exploration of the world and the spread of trade networks.
Agriculture on a new industrial scale, driving with demand for labour and the new commodity, human beings.
Like many African rulers Queen Nzinga has been selling captives and prisoners of war to the Portuguese.
The African slave trade was a conspiracy unfortunately twin avaricious Europeans and African elites.
Nzinga was a slave trader who sell like many of the monarchs in Africa at that time.
But she solved slaves, other Africans, captives in war, to defend themselves against the encroachment on the Portuguese.
But does the sugar trade expands so does the demand for more African slaves.
Her former trading partners have turned against her.
They now want her people as slaves.
In a mountain stronghold she prepares to defend her kingdom and her people.
Against her not just the Portuguese but their new African allies.
She was up against the warlords who were taking advantage of market for people.
They were human traffickers and they were armed.
With Queen Nzinga her sisters, princesses Mukambu and Kifujin.
The Ndongo are outnumbered.
Surrounded.
Princesses Mukambu and Kifujin in slaved.
Over three centuries European slave traders will transport 50 million Africans to the New world.
The majority from central Africa.
It's one of the most horrendous painful moments in modern human history.
Both for Europeans and for black Africans.
But Queen Nzinga herself escapes.
For the next 20 years until her death she will fight on and negotiated and bargained to keep Ndongo free from Portuguese rule.
I fascinated that there was woman who as a powerful in the history of Africa, as Queen Nzinga.
Enormously complicated and enormously brilliant diplomatic of figure in African history.
250 years later slavery will be abolished.
and forever free.
But mankind's taste for sugar transforms the face civilization of two continents.
Today almost a fifth of the population of the Americas can trace their roots back to Africa.
And while a New world economy transforms lives in Africa across the globe in India the riches of the Americas helped turn it its ruler into the wealthiest man on Earth.
And helped build one of the most epic monuments on the planet.
1631, Burhanpur fortress, central India.
The world's richest man on campaign to consolidate his power, Shah Jahan.
Emperor of 100 million people.
His name means "King of the world.
" Shah Jahan was the king of kings touring in the Moguls golden age.
He expanded the reach of empire.
Shah Jahan's wealth is legendary.
A chronicler describes just one of his treasure houses: 750 pounds of pearls, 275 pounds of emeralds, 3 silver thrones, 100 gold and silver chairs, 100 thousand silver plates.
Contributing to this wealth a string of trading ports along India's coast drawing thousands of European merchants, flush with the Americans silver.
Silver just open so many doors for them and long last they had a trading currency.
They had something that the Asians wanted.
They could acquire textile, cotton, silk, species, peppers, cinnamon, exotic Asian commodities.
100 tons of silver hoard in India each year, generating millions in taxes pay to one man, Shah Jahan.
A renegade noble man khan Jahan Lodi has rebelled and have been hunted down.
Now, he pays the price.
With the emperor on campaign his favored wife in labour with their fourteenth child.
Her name Mumtaz Mahal, "The Jewel of the Palace.
" He had many many many wives but she was his first among the women.
His chroniclers praise her as the inspiration behind the throne.
But her life is in danger.
She's losing blood.
Neither Shah Jahan's wealth nor power can save the woman he loves.
Here's the man who has the world in his hand.
Here's the man who has the riches that can't be counted and he has lost his beloved.
He has lost what he cannot hold.
In grief Shah Jahan commissions of tomb for his beloved wife.
Hundreds of tons of white marble encrusted with jewels coast in the equivalent 70 million dollars today.
A lasting monument to the power of silver, the Taj Mahal.
Global trade and wealth on a vast new scale, creates some of mankind's most iconic structures.
Bigger, taller.
Will spent next 350 years building monuments to our economic power and our connected world.
The riches of the New world unlock a new global currency, launching pirates across oceans, new commodities, new desires and new conflicts, transforming every continent on the planet.
that kind globalization where we are in now, where the bank collapses an Island can reapplecross the American Midwest.
That all begins in the 16.
century and begins with the creation of this universal currency.
Now pioneers push further into the open spaces of the world.
New adventures, discoveries in the age of revolution that will launch mankind into the modern world.
We create diferents worlds.
But mankind shares the same desires.
Now the riches of the new world wore out across the planet.
creating new desires new wealth and new conflicts.
It will give birth to a connected world.
Amidst the chaos on unforgiving planet most species will fail.
But for one, all the pieces will fall into place and the set of keys will unlock a path for mankind to triumph.
This is our story, the story of all of us.
----------------------- 1579, the Pacific ocean off the coast of South America.
A ship on a mission that launches a new age of piracy.
Small, fast, armed with 18 cannons.
At the helm an Englishman, Francis Drake.
Farmer's son, fearless navigator and the most successful pirate in history.
In his sight a Spanish galleon, load it with the metal so valuable, that will change the world.
Drake's secret partner in crime is the English Queen, Elizabeth I.
Drake was given letters of reprisal signed by the British crown, which meant that he could go and raid Spanish shipping.
What he did was piracy.
He has already plundered over 70 Spanish ships.
The King of Spain he put a price on his head.
10 000 000 dollars today.
Dead or alive.
The Spanish ship the Cacafuego, heads for the coast of Panama with the most valuable cargo ever seen at sea.
In its hold 26 tons of silver from the Americas, worth 30 million dollars today.
Barrels thrown off the stern slow Drake's ship down.
So he was gaining on her very slowly, very slightly, imperceptibly and not looking like a following threat.
And why they would expect one? They were no foreign ships in the Pacific.
Disguise as a harmless Spanish merchant, Drake's ship has been chasing the Cacafuego for 14 days.
Nothing worth better than deception.
You can give the unexpected, if you can set up your enemy, so they think one thing while you do another thing, you are gonna gain an advantage on a battlefield.
But Drake can't risk an all-out attack.
Instead of going to flat-out war with another vessel where he takes the chance of sinking that vessel or having his vessel sink, he wants to get it close as possible so that he can seize that vessel whole.
His plan a surgical strike from close quarters to take out the Spanish galleon main mast.
Success on a battlefield whether it's land or sea, is all about stacking the right advantage in your favor at the right time, so, when the moment comes, you execute perfectly.
Fire! Two cannon balls chained together smashed through the mast.
Now she couldn't flee even if she try.
She was incapacitated.
The richest pirate hold the world had ever seen.
Enough to pay off England's entire national debt and found its government for a year.
American silver, the key to a new global economy that transforms lives in every corner of the planet.
In 50 years the Spanish and Portuguese have carved out vast new empires in a New world.
From a New Mexico on the North to Argentina on the South.
In high in the Andes in South America a discovery that will launch a new era in the story of mankind.
Potosi, a mountain made of silver, formed when continental plates collide 170 million years ago.
The Andes are the richest source of silver in the world.
Magma from the Earth's crust pushes rich silver vein towards the surface, creating in Potosi silver veins up to 12 feet thick.
In the next 300 years Potosi will supply 80 percent of all the silver in the world.
We are put great value on that what is rare.
You can take silver and break it up into a small bits, so do they become a standard value currency with at you can purchase and you can trade with other societies.
And it's going increase the wealth of the entire world.
But in within 20 years the richest silver ore is mined out, leaving Spanish engineers with the problem.
Remaining ore is too low grade for the silver to be extracted using heat.
Spanish has never encountered anything like silver ore before and they didn't know how to refine it.
The technics they used just end up boiling oil the silver.
The riches of America trapped inside its rocks.
But in 1553, a man arrives with the secret formula, the key that unlocks the wealth of the New world.
Bartolome Medina.
Experimenter, innovator, entrepreneur.
A textile trader from Spain.
He traveled 5000 miles to make his fortune.
His idea will build new cities and empires, create new ways of living, lunch new conflicts and help to funds some of the man-made wonders of the world.
A chemical formula for extracting silver using mercury.
But at first, the method that worked in Europe fails.
Medina doesn't realize that the silver bearing rocks of the Andes have a few traces of copper than those of Europe essential for formula to work.
For months he experiments, searching for a solution.
"I have suffered mental anguish.
I begged our Lady to enlighten, guide me, so that I might be successful.
" Medina was an entrepreneur who saw a problem and fidelity and experimented to until he came up with the solution.
Finally, a breakthrough.
The missing ingredient a common substance used to tan leather, copper sulfate.
Reacting with mercury the missing catalyst that separates the silver from its impurities.
The key that turns the mines of Potosi into the richest source of silver mankind has ever known.
What Medina did he made those silver mines of South America dramatically more productive and the flow of silver going to global trade just took off over night.
220 tons of silver mined each year.
Potosi becomes the busiest industrial complex in the world.
In each year in three giant furnaces the Spanish mint 2,5 million silver coins.
"Pesos de Ocho", pieces of eight, the world's first universal currency.
Silver becomes the key to mankind's prosperity.
These Spanish coins were seen everywhere in the world.
They unite the world into web of commerce.
A single coin worth the equivalent of 80 dollars today.
Legal tender in the USA to until 1857.
The scroll and pillars of the Spanish Royal press inspires one of the world's most potent symbol, the dollar sign.
The result is extraordinary.
The entire world's economy has affected as the silver just explodes crosses the Pacific, crosses into Europe and and enormous burst of prosperity.
This is the true beginning of globalization.
Spanish fleets shipped 50 000 tons of silver out of the Americas, creating a new Atlantic trade.
Suddenly we have mass quantities coming onto the market which is going to really transform all of European trade and we will see whole new booming economy in Europe.
New trading centers rise.
Seville, Lisbon, London and on the coast of small new country, Netherlands, the world's richest and busiest trading city, Amsterdam.
A city of a new wealth and new desires, about to trigger the world's most extraordinary boom and bust and gambled its future on a flower, the tulip.
Amsterdam, 1649.
A city flush with new money.
A century after the Spanish conquest of the New world, the riches of the Americas and an explosion of global trade have turned Netherlands into the richest nation on the planet.
The Dutch control over half of the world shipment.
More new millionaires than anywhere else on Earth.
The highest income per a head in Europe.
A city in love with gambling.
Caught at been excitement Jan van Goyen.
Struggling artist, looking for a new way to make his fortune.
In a wealthy city, city of great merchants and great enterprises he is a guy on the move.
And he wants to get in on this action.
New wealth drives to demand for new luxuries and one exotic import has captured the public imagination, the Tulip.
Imported from Turkey the pattern of the most exotic Tulips are created by a virus that attacks only some bulbs, make them rare and hard to cultivate.
Today, it Tulip bulbs sells for about 50 cents, but in Holland 1636 the rarest bulbs are selling for a 100-times their weight in gold.
Amsterdam's merchants are inventing new ways of making money, the birth of speculation.
In the back rooms of taverns Tulips merchants sell not flowers or bulbs, but the rights to next year harvest.
The world's first future market.
Today all agricultural products are sold in the future market.
You can buy crops that have not been harvested yet.
Similar way tulips were bought in advance of their delivery date.
In one month November 1636 the price of Tulips shares has quadruple.
Van Goyen sees an opportunity.
To until now if you were nobility or you were the great merchant you were wealthy but here is the chance for the common people to become wealthy.
Confident of a quick return Van Goyen invests all his savings in Tulip's shares.
By the beginning of December the price of Tulip bulbs reaches 10-times their price a month before.
A bubble has started to inflect.
By December 12.
the price doubles again.
At an auction in nearby Leiden seven penniless orphans of innkeeper pin their hopes for the future on their dead father's small collection of Tulip bulbs.
In less than an hour each child earns 40-times the annual income of an average craftsmen.
Tulips turns orphans into millionaires and the price continues to rise.
Holland is gripped by tulip mania.
If you watched the price of Tulips go up and up and up, you started to think you are a full if you don't get on escalator on way up.
Three days later Van Goyen like many others buy some more Tulips shares.
He may well know that a tulip is only a tulip and not worth a fortune but if other people think it's worth a fortune than you'll make a lot of money.
By January 1637, the price has doubled again.
Now, a few wise investors decide to sell their shares and make fortunes.
Everything in financial markets is about timing.
The time you enter a contract and the time you get out.
Van Goyen hangs on to his confident that the market will continue to rise and rise.
I can see myself in his shoes.
He saw the orphans getting rich and he thought he would like to be in the mix himself, that if he didn't get in that he miss the dou, he missed his chance.
Unfortunately, his timing was wrong.
Suddenly, on February 3th 1637 at an auction in the city of Haarlem a consignment of Tulips bulbs goes unsold.
Within days investors panic and rushed to sell their shares.
But there are no buyers.
Price is crashed.
Tulips ones sold for 5000 guilders now worthless.
From boom to bust.
And Dutch investors discovered the truth that mankind is still learning today, that the value of investments can go down as well as up.
Boom and bust have been with us since trade has been with us.
But what's special about tulip mania is the fact that people like Van Goyen non specialist, non-traders are not qualified to understand the value of the bulb there getting involved in this trade, y frankly, there are not in position to absorb the risk.
Van Goyen is ruined.
He never makes his fortune, but in painting his way out of debt over 1200 pictures and 800 drawings two becomes one of Holland's most prolific and greatest artist.
New wealth transform society in Europe with new desires and new temptations.
Leading one group of religious radicals to reject this world is corrupt and ungodly and set out on the journey that will transform the future of the continent, North America.
They called themselves pilgroups.
They arrived in a New world and search of religious freedom.
The pilgrims rejected the society they were in.
They believed that the only way to preserved their religious belief pristine was to get away, to go somewhere where they wouldn't be bothered and the most importantly where their children wouldn't be tempted by what they had seen in Holland and England.
"A great hope and even would seal we had of laying some great foundation for advancing the Gospel of the kingdom of Christ in these remote parts of the world.
" America represent a cleans slay because to their way of thinking it was empty.
But in within months the pilgrims are struggling to survive.
Their land at the start of a bitter New England winter.
Their crops fail.
Malnutrition, starvation, disease.
A 102 men, women and children make the crossing.
Six months later 50 of them are dead.
The pilgrims buried their dead at first light to hide how weaken they become, because the land they settled on is not empty.
It belongs to Abenaki.
An encounter between two worlds is about to shape the future of mankind.
In New England 50 pioneers prepare to fight for their lives.
The future of the continent hangs in the balance.
Not all are pilgrims.
Among them a soldier, Miles Standish.
Brave, impulsive, the groups military commander.
There's somebody out there.
Get the gate in place.
Now! Now! Now! Ladies get inside.
Welcome, Englishman.
Welcome.
3000 miles from home the first native American pilgrims encounter greets them in their own language.
Samoset, a Abenaki chief.
His English learned from earlier visitors to this coast.
I we think back to how fearful the English are of being here here's what they might think is the sign from God.
He actually speaks our language.
It could have been a really violent encounter and Samoset he get a lot more credit for that, brings the things down on ounce.
The next day Samoset brings another English speaking warrior, Squanto.
Diplomat, politician, the man who will teach the pilgrims to survive in the new world.
Squanto has spent a year in Europe.
Kidnapped and sold as a slave in Spain.
He wins his freedom and makes his way to London where he learns English.
Hired as an interpreter for English merchants he eventually earns his passage back home.
William Bradford, governor of the pilgrims writes: "Squanto was a special instrument sent of God and never left until he died.
" He guides the pilgrims through his world, brokering friendships, alliances, their survival guide in their new world.
He taught them what he and his people had learned in isolation over the millennia.
The crops the pilgrims bring from Europe had failed in poor sandy soil.
Squanto teaches them to fish and use their catch as fertilizer.
It's surely must of come as a revelation to see people using fish to make the soil more productive.
To the early pilgrims must have been quite a surprise.
And the crop they had never seen before, corn.
The key to their survival and still today the most widely grown crop in the Americas.
William Bredford records: "We set some 20 acres of corn according to the man of the Indians.
And now we began together up the small harvest.
We will well recovered in health and have all things in plenty.
" They discovered perhaps to their surprise that the Indians weren't simply a savages whose simply hunted and fish, they had grown crops.
There was an exchange of ideas, each site learn from the other and its seem like a productive enterprise on behalf of both sides.
A moment of cooperation all too rare in the story of the New world.
The pilgrims were important for what they represent in terms of Europe's preparations to essentially explode out across the Atlantic and reproduce itself.
Not only in North America and South America other parts of the world as well.
10 percent of all Americans today are descendants of these first 50 pioneers.
Thousands more will follow.
Within a hundred years they found great trading cities that rival those of Europe.
Charleston, Philadelphia, New York, Boston.
50 pioneers who turned their back to world devoted to making money lay the foundations of the United States, the greatest trading nation of the future.
But while corn and cooperation transforms North America a new commodity sweeping the world.
Sugar changes the destiny of another continent, Africa.
Leading one woman, a warrior queen to a desperate struggle for her kingdom and her people.
Ndongo, Central África, today part of northern Angola.
In a struggle for resources that shapes the world we living today one woman fights to keep hold for their kingdom.
Queen Nzinga Mbande.
Skillful strategist, warrior Queen.
Nzinga was a ferocious woman, who was the ruler, but she was very complicated.
Queen Nzinga confronts of formidable enemy, Portuguese.
They want her territory and her people as slaves.
Portuguese plantations in a New world need a work force to produce a new crop changing mankind's taste, sugar.
Humans are drawn to sweetness more than any other flavor.
Today we eat up to half of our body weight in sugar every year.
In the Americas in Caribbean the Spanish and Portuguese lay out vast new plantations of sugarcane.
People always want a luxurious food that taste good and the hunt for luxury is driven exploration of the world and the spread of trade networks.
Agriculture on a new industrial scale, driving with demand for labour and the new commodity, human beings.
Like many African rulers Queen Nzinga has been selling captives and prisoners of war to the Portuguese.
The African slave trade was a conspiracy unfortunately twin avaricious Europeans and African elites.
Nzinga was a slave trader who sell like many of the monarchs in Africa at that time.
But she solved slaves, other Africans, captives in war, to defend themselves against the encroachment on the Portuguese.
But does the sugar trade expands so does the demand for more African slaves.
Her former trading partners have turned against her.
They now want her people as slaves.
In a mountain stronghold she prepares to defend her kingdom and her people.
Against her not just the Portuguese but their new African allies.
She was up against the warlords who were taking advantage of market for people.
They were human traffickers and they were armed.
With Queen Nzinga her sisters, princesses Mukambu and Kifujin.
The Ndongo are outnumbered.
Surrounded.
Princesses Mukambu and Kifujin in slaved.
Over three centuries European slave traders will transport 50 million Africans to the New world.
The majority from central Africa.
It's one of the most horrendous painful moments in modern human history.
Both for Europeans and for black Africans.
But Queen Nzinga herself escapes.
For the next 20 years until her death she will fight on and negotiated and bargained to keep Ndongo free from Portuguese rule.
I fascinated that there was woman who as a powerful in the history of Africa, as Queen Nzinga.
Enormously complicated and enormously brilliant diplomatic of figure in African history.
250 years later slavery will be abolished.
and forever free.
But mankind's taste for sugar transforms the face civilization of two continents.
Today almost a fifth of the population of the Americas can trace their roots back to Africa.
And while a New world economy transforms lives in Africa across the globe in India the riches of the Americas helped turn it its ruler into the wealthiest man on Earth.
And helped build one of the most epic monuments on the planet.
1631, Burhanpur fortress, central India.
The world's richest man on campaign to consolidate his power, Shah Jahan.
Emperor of 100 million people.
His name means "King of the world.
" Shah Jahan was the king of kings touring in the Moguls golden age.
He expanded the reach of empire.
Shah Jahan's wealth is legendary.
A chronicler describes just one of his treasure houses: 750 pounds of pearls, 275 pounds of emeralds, 3 silver thrones, 100 gold and silver chairs, 100 thousand silver plates.
Contributing to this wealth a string of trading ports along India's coast drawing thousands of European merchants, flush with the Americans silver.
Silver just open so many doors for them and long last they had a trading currency.
They had something that the Asians wanted.
They could acquire textile, cotton, silk, species, peppers, cinnamon, exotic Asian commodities.
100 tons of silver hoard in India each year, generating millions in taxes pay to one man, Shah Jahan.
A renegade noble man khan Jahan Lodi has rebelled and have been hunted down.
Now, he pays the price.
With the emperor on campaign his favored wife in labour with their fourteenth child.
Her name Mumtaz Mahal, "The Jewel of the Palace.
" He had many many many wives but she was his first among the women.
His chroniclers praise her as the inspiration behind the throne.
But her life is in danger.
She's losing blood.
Neither Shah Jahan's wealth nor power can save the woman he loves.
Here's the man who has the world in his hand.
Here's the man who has the riches that can't be counted and he has lost his beloved.
He has lost what he cannot hold.
In grief Shah Jahan commissions of tomb for his beloved wife.
Hundreds of tons of white marble encrusted with jewels coast in the equivalent 70 million dollars today.
A lasting monument to the power of silver, the Taj Mahal.
Global trade and wealth on a vast new scale, creates some of mankind's most iconic structures.
Bigger, taller.
Will spent next 350 years building monuments to our economic power and our connected world.
The riches of the New world unlock a new global currency, launching pirates across oceans, new commodities, new desires and new conflicts, transforming every continent on the planet.
that kind globalization where we are in now, where the bank collapses an Island can reapplecross the American Midwest.
That all begins in the 16.
century and begins with the creation of this universal currency.
Now pioneers push further into the open spaces of the world.
New adventures, discoveries in the age of revolution that will launch mankind into the modern world.