The Universe s04e05 Episode Script

In the beginning was the darkness.
Suddenly, an explosion occurred, which launched infinity Extension of the existence of time, space and matter.
Every day, new discoveries, revealed the enigmatic umopomrachitelni and deadly the secrets of the place we call Universe.
If you think that Saturn is the only planet with rings you are doing.
The four giant planets a ring around the sun.
While Pluto may have rings.
Space--switching equipment through them could be fatal.
These particles move around Saturn To find them, users the ring should be drained most of the technology.
It was pretty serious challenge.
From distant corners of space amazing ring very close to us this is the search for planets with rings.
UNIVERSE To search for planets with rings This is the sixth planet from the sun.
If you do not recognize, This is something missing.
Without their distinctive ring Would be a simple planet Saturn.
They are the key to beauty Seeing the rings of Saturn through a telescope is delicious.
It is indeed a wonderful sight.
People are fascinated Saturn's rings from Galileo discovered in 1610 Since then, astronomers use knowledge of this planet with rings to find more planets such.
But what really see where look at the rings of Saturn? The beauty we see here hide a chaotic image.
Things are face to face Reboot and everything is a chaotic set chunks of ice and rocks move together.
Over time, Researchers have found not one, a series of seven large belt Ecuador around Saturn.
First detailed pictures Saturn's rings came from the Voyager circa 1980 Really impressive.
Each ring is composed billions of particles with sizes ranging from dust with the size of a house.
You can easily see because they are the brightest rings in the solar system.
Twinkle, because they are very strong and consists of nearly 100% ice reflecting the light.
If there are any feet below the rings, see a great field pieces of rock and ice.
In some sections you will see Stars hand, but others are so strongly you will not see anything.
The view would be wonderful.
Astronomers named seven main rings the letters of the alphabet, but in order of their discovery.
A, B, C, D, E, F and finally Opened in 1980 -- G.
The researchers found rings system with a diameter of 290 000 km.
The ring diameter is about 2 / 3 the distance from Earth to the Moon.
Are very broad.
Striking is that the thickness of the rings is not more than 9 meters.
The rings are slightly as a large sheet of paper.
These beautiful structures were satisfied super--speed projectile.
Flying chunks of ice around a planet at 85 000 km / h.
They are like a race car monitoring of infinite space.
At those speeds Rings announce the death of all attracted too.
These particles move around Saturn Measuring 5 cm piece can to break a fatal hole in a spaceship.
The particles are as racing cars in motion, umopomrachitelni speeds.
Like the vehicles, each particle moving in the rings almost the same speed those around her.
But because of its speed and direction is not the same and sometimes changed forces in the area, permanent ice pieces be struck between them.
Like racing cars in the middle of the race.
Most collisions are weak and they had no further consequences.
Sometimes, however, a powerful crash threw a piece can away in space.
What kept these chunks of rock and ice rings is a powerful gravitational the pull of Saturn.
If Saturn's gravity suddenly disappear ring particles will be spilled in the direction which aimed moments earlier.
However, gravity Earth and the velocity of the particle are in full harmony, so that particles constantly falling toward Earth, but never nearby.
But Saturn is not alone source of gravity.
The particles have their own gravity, constantly striving for them skupchva and form something bigger as a small moon.
All particles attract each other and larger have stronger attraction.
Acts of particles by gravity against the gravity of Saturn.
This is an eternal war.
There is a constant battle between the gravity of the particles, skupchva aimed at them, and Saturn's gravity, trying to separate them.
Saturn's gravity razdalechava particles because the rate law of objects in orbit.
The closer Saturn to move faster to remain in orbit and will not fall on the planet.
Particles inside Saturn ring move more in the outer rings.
If a piece of ice is only However, there is little difference in speed.
This difference is sufficient to prevent the merging particles.
Even the very near the distances between them, inside the particles move faster than external and therefore far each other.
Particles of the Rings never be merged into a larger body.
This eternal battle of the particle cluster in small groups separation and is re--grouping, supports the existence of the Rings of millions and perhaps billions of years.
They are constantly bringing and facing each other under the influence of own weak gravity continually temporary structures.
The whole system prastenova is in a great balance.
Balance of gravity support rings.
But because of the extreme form rotation around the planet.
We are in a pizzeria to demonstrate thin disk is the natural way a rapidly spinning object.
We start with dough that is not tour and has a round shape.
When the dough is turned air, takes the form a thin disk.
The dough is flat because centrifugal force of rotation.
For the same reason, rapidly rotating particle in the rings of Saturn create this very stable extremely stretched thin disk.
But if the rings are less stable why, disappeared two years since Galileo discovered? He made his first observation rings in 1610 which in his primitive telescope seemed that the circles on both sides of the planet.
When I looked again rounds in 1612 are gone.
Galileo was puzzled but modern astronomers answer to the conundrum is clear.
Galileo saw the rings do not two years later, because at the time they are lying in terms of their point of view and practice have been invisible.
This view happens twice during the 30 years orbiting Saturn around the sun.
Angle at which we rings constantly changing because the planet itself is inclined at an angle of 27 degrees.
This is a Saturn inclination of 27 degrees and now I see the rings on top.
When Saturn moves to this position, see the rings removed rights as a thin line.
When you turn on the other hand, see below the rings.
While the mystery of Galileo authorized by those looking for the rings one of the most fundamental issues still being discussed.
Where do they get the rings? The origin of Saturn's rings the greatest mystery in this regard.
There are two main theories.
According to the first rings appeared immediately after the formation of Saturn They are the remains of rotating disk of matter of which is planet formation.
According to the second theory, age are only 100 million years which is relatively soon.
If dinosaurs had to telescopes probably will not see the rings.
Maybe we just have There's happiness simultaneously with the rings.
It is believed that the rings of Saturn are created by a catastrophic event.
If it was a powerful shock between a moon and an asteroid or invisible force that breaks billions of pieces of the moon? They are one of the most remarkable structures in the solar system.
They are wider than the Earth 22 times in the same time, only 9 meters thick.
But the biggest mystery For those looking for the rings is how it appeared there.
Many scientists believe that rings that have occurred when one of the moons of Saturn was beset by a powerful force called "tidal effect.
" The tidal effect is obtained when part of a body is more strongly attracted the seriousness of the other party.
If my hand is an object of enormous that attracts my arm stronger than others and may to tear to pieces.
When the black hole, where gravity is incredibly strong tidal effects can rest and a little body like a man.
Using the word "Spagetifikatsiya.
Gravity attracts feet stronger than the head and makes spaghetti.
In less extreme sites as Solar System tidal effect is evident only for large bodies like planets and moons.
Anyone who has been at the beach tidal effect is of the moon on Earth.
Some of the land which is closer to the moon are drawn more strongly the other side.
Earth agree that the form spread manifested in increasing and falls in sea level every 12 hours.
But the effect of the tides of the Moon not only affects the oceans, but the entire planet.
Which is not well known The area of the company is also changing its shape.
Thus, the diameter of the Earth in the direction the moon is 50--60 cm long, than is perpendicular For all land is straight toward the moon.
The planets also have tides effect on its moons.
Because planets are larger than moons, their gravity is stronger This creates greater effect of the tides.
Our moon is made of rocks and metals, and is too strong, being harassed by tidal effects on Earth.
Some of the moons of Saturn consist of ice, dust and rocks.
Sometimes we call them "Waste heaps.
Heaps of waste can to be like a snowball.
The ingredients are very low Accumulated by surface forces.
Some scientists believe that before the 100 million years, one of these moons also addresses to Saturn.
Luna was not connected million pieces of torn with different sizes.
The songs were different Off the planet have different orbits and are move at different speeds gradually dissipated in the ring.
Further studies show if the rings of Saturn were created by the tidal effects the destruction of a moon of an asteroid waste or waste planet formation.
Recently, astronomers have discovered particles linking the rings.
He found that the outermost regions Saturn's ring, ring, exists only because of powerful eruptions on the moon Enceladus.
What this eruption Unusual moon is water.
The water is expelled from geysers and frozen immediately, like water in the machine cubes.
These eruptions frozen particles amounting to hundreds of kilometers above the surface of the moon.
They remain in orbit around Saturn and create a ring F.
Besides the unexpected vision flowing in the rings of matter, Astronomers have discovered another surprise in microscopic E ring particles In June 2009, scientists found traces of compounds known as salt and sodium bicarbonate.
The discovery of salt and coal in the ring was exciting, because they suggest liquid ocean on Enceladus.
As on Earth, where born life in the oceans, and Enceladus may became the same.
This is an exciting opportunity.
It is true that no salt eruption, because no sodium.
This suggests some other explanations but must continue to study.
Each day, astronomers receive new information Saturn and its rings released from the device in 1997 called Cassini.
Cassini is the size school bus and is the largest interplanetary device developed by NASA.
After seven years trip Cassini became the first unit entered orbit around Saturn and giving to humanity beautiful view of the sixth planet Sun and its rings.
He has already done some and by the end of the mission make 200.
Cassini made the more detailed photos So far, revealing the wild with different forms and surprising diversity.
From a distance it appears that the rings body are closely around the planet but this is not true.
Chaos and confusion.
The study of rings It was as geology, but now I feel the learning environment.
To the surprise of astronomers one of the rings Cassini discovered particles the formation of an upward wave.
First seen in 2009 Wool vortices at the edge of a ring is high and more than 1.
6 kilometers.
Own groups are only 9 meters thick.
What you are in the lake only 9 feet deep, and you are beaten by This is quite remarkable.
The reason for this wave of is the gravitational effect of the moon only 8 miles wide called Daphne.
Since it is very close one of the rings gravitational attraction This small moon succeeded in creating as a huge wave.
This shows how very powerful and is the gravitational interaction between the moons and rings.
These waves are just some of the influences moon of the rings.
They influence and shape rings.
Get the holes, edges, empty the spaces between the rings.
Moons, which create the edges just the divisions are called "shepherd moons.
On both sides of the ring F there is a moon holding the particles in place.
These moons, Prometheus and Pandora, Cowboys are like a Saturn.
They act as Cowboys on a ranch.
What we are doing here is similar As Saturn's moons make a ring.
Maintaining order and moons, Prometheus and Pandora pastors make a ring F.
I'm in Prometheus country My partner is a from the outside, like Pandora.
Maintain a column of cows only and moons keep the rings.
When the moons interact dust particle can change its orbit closer or farther from Saturn.
Pandora is farther from Saturn, and orbits slower than the particles in the ring.
If there is a particle, The severity of Pandora pridarpva it.
This reduces the velocity of a particle and was back in the ring.
From the inside, Prometheus moves faster than the particle and gravity pulls them First, increasing their speed.
This forced them away from Saturn.
The result is that the two moons hold particles together, Sharp building distinguishable ring.
Moons have played an important role for the appearance of the Rings and training.
They control the particle creation clear division into rings.
Moons have full authority over Rings, from beginning to end.
Sparkling belts of Saturn raised desire to seek more rings.
For centuries, they just sounds familiar.
Seekers of the Rings dreamed of finding other suspect that but could not see them.
In the late 20th century small team of astronomers turned his telescope to Uranus hoping to learn something new environment for him.
They are not looking for the rings but its study has led the largest discovery in rings in the last 300 years.
The demand for rings has begun as soon as he discovered those around Saturn for centuries.
Hundreds of years before the next discovery that was great relief for search engines.
When in 1977 a small team Scientists observed Uranus full attention directed into the atmosphere.
On 10 March, the team raised adapted aircraft at the end of the earth's atmosphere and focused telescope to the seventh planet.
They waited for the moment that a distant star pass behind Uranus.
That would be measured brightness of a star happened just behind the planet.
So I went to investigate the composition the atmosphere of Uranus.
When the star came uranium something strange happened.
Before passing behind Uranus, the light primignala star several times.
The scientists expected Stricken to see what happens when the star appeared the other side.
After receiving Moreover, primignala star again several times.
The team had found something unexpectedly.
A wink side of the planet were identical to those the other side.
This meant that he had found second planet with rings.
It was a big surprise and the wonderful view.
Rings were discovered more than 350 years.
And that was just the beginning.
Two more ring systems would be found.
By far one around Neptune and the other around the giant planet Jupiter.
We now know that the four planets Solar system have rings.
These are actually four the giant planets of the solar system.
But if the rings are common, Why astronomers have had their long find them? Because the rings of other planets are very different from those of Saturn.
It is no coincidence that Saturn's rings were discovered in the early 17 and almost to the end of the 20th century was not are another set of rings.
Saturn's rings are wide, vivid and remarkable.
Others are quite modest.
Are barely discernible because of their size.
Very surprising facts Rings of Uranus that are very narrow.
Most of the Rings of Saturn spacious thousands km.
In comparison, the majority of the Rings Uranus are wide in less than 3 km.
Another feature is that are very dark.
While Saturn's rings are composed of ice and are very bright of Uranus are black as tar.
Moreover, the outer ring Uranus is so pale that users find in 2003 alone This is because in them there is almost nothing.
In a ring system clouds of fine dust that are highly diluted.
These particles are separated lot from each other.
It would be something like a cosmic trail from Earth to the Moon and back only a few cars in it.
This is a radical difference Saturn's rings, where the particles are so density of one another.
The outer rings of Uranus are extremely dilute but not in the pale.
This applies to the outermost regions rings around the planet session.
Mighty Jupiter is most delicate rings.
Until now, astronomers have found four thin rings around the planet.
Inner Ring Key Ring and two outer ring.
Unlike ice cubes big cars in the rings of Saturn of particles in the rings of Jupiter are fine powder.
Often called "ring of dust," but more accurate would be "smoke rings.
" Micro particle sizes are as the smoke particles.
Rings, for example the planet are enormous.
Its diameter is about 480 000 km.
If you collect all particles in one place will not make the ball wide by football field and tall as the door.
In the two outer rings there is very little material and they are pale rings in the solar system.
They are almost invisible and called "Airy rings.
You can find the means of broadcasting rings and do not understand they are there.
You can hear a slight lost in the dust his spacesuit but I see nothing.
Pale as to be Rings of Jupiter Search around these Neptune proven more difficult for researchers.
In 80--s suggest that Neptune has rings regardless of where block starlight passing behind the planet.
Using the same technique which opened the rings of Uranus Astronomers have tried about 50 times to detect Neptune's rings.
The results were confusing unsatisfactory.
Baffled scientists have suggested radical explanation.
From Starlight was dimming every time maybe around Neptune There are partial rings.
Do not think goals are the rings blocks light was not symmetrical both sides of the planet As for Uranus.
Can there be any Neptune strange system of rings? Seekers of the rings were solid Determined to solve the enigma but I had no idea how will be a strange response.
More than 350 years Sound familiar only were bright rings of Saturn.
Only two years since 1977 detected two new ring systems.
One of around Uranus and Jupiter.
Search for rings around Neptune dragged many more years.
Neptune is very far from the Sun and not well lit.
Furthermore, until 1989, Neptune was not visited by a spacecraft.
Then, the Voyager--2 flew beyond the last planet in the solar system.
Voyager 2 was the best weapon astronomers in search of rings.
On August 25, 1989, closer to Neptune from any other machine created by man.
Voyager--2 offers the best Photos of the eighth planet are looking for rings were seen.
Amazing technology achievement.
It was like shooting black cat in the dark.
If the photos are revealed Neptune sound There are rings around or a partial ring as some scholars have suggested? More than a decade before the Voyager mission, Scientists are trying to Ring detect with the stars passing behind the planet.
Some attempts have been flutter in the light of the stars but were at different distances on both sides of the planet.
Mystery of Neptune was extraordinary.
We knew it was a matter I do not know how he is.
When you have photos of the Voyager, in search of rings were surprised.
Not only that, rings were targeted, but something he had never seen before.
Arcos.
The most notable institution was a series of arches, each has a length of 1 / 10 the circumference of the planet.
The rest of the ring is almost transparent.
Sections of the arches ring, that are brighter and more dense the rest of the ring.
Incredibly small amount of matter elsewhere in the ring explains why astronomers are not can detect all the rings.
Arches National Park is located in the ring matter, but is almost transparent.
To do this, you can not see in the method of starlight.
The discovery of the rings Neptune means that all gas giants have rings.
This reflects the the natural order in space because the shape of the rings is one of the Most of the major forms in the universe.
In the universe there are two the main forms of objects -- spheres and disks.
Rotation is important aspect of any structure prompting take the form of disc.
In the universe we see disks of all sizes.
Therefore, the rings of Saturn We can suggest the origin a much larger system of the rings -- that around the sun.
The rings of Saturn are Backup processes resulting in the formation of the planets.
If we go back 4.
5 billion years back in time and visit the Solar System young Sun would have been at the center and would be surrounded disk of gas and dust.
This record would planets form and appears as a ring system.
The planets began formed in the debris disk the severity and compensation the space around their orbits.
Debris field the severity of their participated or launched into space.
That's exactly what happened in the solar system is formed when Jupiter cleaning a hallway on the disc.
Over time, appeared the other planets and cleared its own orbit.
Only two other waist waste -- Asteroid belt and the Kuiper Belt.
Together, they created two enormous ring around the sun.
A copy of the Solar System Help us understand Rings our own home.
Seekers of the Rings have long been on the road one of the major findings.
Rings around planets in other star systems.
You know many planets that are similar to Saturn mass and composition.
It is likely that some of them have impressive ring system.
Scientists believe that very soon opened the first such planet using one of the most powerful our telescopes -- Kepler.
Kepler can be traced throughout Designed to capture smaller changes in the starlight, to be able to detect distant planets star passes in front of her.
When this happens, the planet blocking of the starlight.
If a star passes in front planet with rings also block the light that can be captured by Kepler.
While Kepler looked deep into the universe Astronomers looking for a new ring in the solar system.
In 2006 was launched New Horizons mission.
His trip to the limits of permafrost the solar system.
If it survives, will The first spacecraft Pluto flew.
Astronomers suspect may be the first rocky planet around rings were discovered.
In our solar system has from another planet with a ring that is about to an accident lead to chaos on Earth.
The four outer planets in Solar system have rings.
Some are dusty zaslepitelni others others -- very pale.
The demand for the most distant everything continues.
This, some frozen rock called Pluto.
Before it was considered normal for the planet but in 2006 it was re -- of "dwarf planet.
" In the year 2015 could become the latest member of the Solar System around which we have found rings.
Pluto may have pale rings or it may one day for such.
Pluto is located in an area where there are many comets and if any of them reached can be rotated severity of their creating a temporary ring.
New Horizons is the mission and has elapsed since one third of the way to Pluto.
The photos, which are received in 2015 must show the rings of a dwarf away.
Jobseekers rings expected soon very close to the rings around closest Earth's neighbor -- Mars.
The speculation that Mars may have rings began in the 70s.
One reason is that when and find the small satellites often find and the pale ring.
Mars has two small moons.
Although the diameter both less than 32 km Astronomers believe that enough dust emitting to form a pale ring.
Is no doubt creating dust clouds.
The question is where and how form the ring.
When in the 21st century, the direction of Hubble telescope, powerful on Mars I see nothing.
Already looking for a second time ring, but found no and start thinking Why Mars has no rings.
From the Earth has ever had a ring.
Huge chunks of hot rock in orbit around the planet for several years then disappeared.
How did it happen? Before 4.
5 billion years When the Earth formed, large body of Mars collide with our planet.
This created a temporary ring that was more impressive even today Rings of Saturn.
This ring was not only very large and massive but hot.
When molten rock cools, Some of them fell to Earth while others have been off the space.
Other stuff formed domain, which became the moon.
But the earthlings must who feel abandoned.
Our planet has a new ring it is only 50 years.
It is made of dust or ice rock, while metals and silicon.
This is a ring of satellites.
We have created a ring technology satellites, that would exist of millions of years.
Composed of approximately 400 satellites he is the only artificial ring to the universe.
Sailing at 35 000 km on Ecuador geosinhronna in orbit and speed to keep the satellites in same place on the planet indefinitely.
Satellites are more specific Geosinhronnite satellites and create a real ring.
This ring is composed of constantly falling objects on Earth like the rings of Saturn where the ice particles also fall on the planet.
Earthen Ring is an essential part of our communications but they can cause accidents.
If the ring is too sites begin to face.
In February 2009 two satellites niskozemnata collide in orbit.
The crash shook governments and the academic world.
Two large satellites found and scattered pieces.
Now, in orbit around Earth We have about 10 000 site each of them is like a bullet moving at 16 km / sec.
Each of them can take another Satellite TV, in a collision.
Each new satellite geosinhronna in orbit is equal to another race car on the track increased risk of collision.
If two objects collide, The blowing up of debris can destroy the whole ring create chaos in communications.
Ultimately, it will be too dangerous to add other satellites, due to flying debris.
If you're artificial or natural, still looking for the rings To track these rings, because they are one of the main forms in the universe.
Without these rings, creating galaxies, star systems and planets life, we know not exist.
It turned out that the rings are principle of existence.
It is true that billions March miles to see what there is, but not because understand how we have created and what our solar system.
Learn what is other worlds understand what may out here on Earth.