Great British Railway Journeys (2010) s04e19 Episode Script

In 1840, one man transformed travel In the British Isles.
His name was George Bradshaw, and his railway guides Inspired the Victorians to take to the tracks.
Stop by stop, he told them where to travel, what to see and where to stay.
Now, 170 years later, I'm making a series of journeys across the length and breadth of these Isles to see what of Bradshaw's Britain remains.
I'm now more than halfway through my journey from London to Newton Abbot.
Now I've reached north Devon and a most unusual Victorian railway.
On today's journey, I get up close with a piece of natural history It's a moa egg.
It's an extinct bird from New Zealand.
There's only 36 specimens of a decent size been catalogued in the world.
I visit a garden used as a viewing platform for public hangings We've got three tiers going up.
According to the records, they were full.
It was shoulder-to-shoulder, line-to-line of people.
and experience a timepiece like no other.
In my political career, Peter, I met a few two-faced liars, but this is my first experience of a four-faced liar.
One of them's correct, though.
Using my "Bradshaw's Guide", I'm following the tracks of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, master engineer of the Great Western Railway.
I started at Paddington Station, one of his greatest structures, and I'll finish In Newton Abbot In Devon, where one of his boldest Ideas proved a failure.
The fourth leg of my journey begins In Lynton and Lynmouth, heads southwest to Barnstaple, through Eggersford and on to the city of Exeter.
My Bradshaw's tells me that "the scenery in the neighbourhood of Lynton and Lynmouth is wild, beautiful, magnificent and lovely".
"Beyond the powers of description, such is the scenery abounding in this fascinating neighbourhood.
" The steepness of this landscape required Victorian railway builders to exercise a special ingenuity.
The twin villages of Lynton and Lynmouth stand atop and at the foot of a steep cliff that posed a major obstacle to both.
Villagers relled on horses to move from one to the other.
The Lynmouth Cliff Railway opened on Easter Monday 1890.
Engineering manager Ashley Clarke has worked on the railway since 1979.
So, Ashley, how does this machine work? It works on a counter balance system.
We fill the top car with water, which I'm going to do now.
- You fill the car with water? - That's right.
It's got a 700-gallon tank underneath, which is about three tons of water.
When they're both full up, they weigh the same, obviously.
When the drivers have given each other the signal, the bottom rail car releases water, the water comes out, it makes that car lighter, and, in doing so, the top car being heavier pulls the lighter car up to the top.
I had no idea you were putting water inside the car.
Where does the water come from? It comes from the West Lynn River about a mile and a half away through the roads and into holding tanks at the top here.
Is there any difference in the way you operate this today from the way it was operated by the Victorians? No, it works in exactly the same way.
There's no difference whatsoever.
An Act of Parliament In 1888 gave the company the right to pump 60,000 gallons of water per day from the river a mile away.
- Whose master plan was this? - It was Sir George Newnes'.
He was a man of grand visions.
He was, yes.
He had a three-stage plan for Lynton and Lynmouth.
One to build the esplanade at Lynmouth, secondly to build a pier off the end of that esplanade, and thirdly to build the railway.
Unfortunately for Lynton and Lynmouth, they didn't actually build the pier because Sir George Newnes decided that he didn't want to spoil the tranquil place in which he lived.
He didn't want steamers of people coming over from Wales to drink for the day.
Exactly, yes.
You couldn't drink on Sundays in Wales, could you? No, that's right.
I'd better let you do some braking otherwise we'll visit the beach.
I've never travelled by water-powered railway.
There's always a first.
- There certainly is.
- Thanks so much.
At my next destination, less than five miles away, I'm hoping to catch a very old train.
I've left Lynmouth and climbed nearly a thousand feet above sea level, which may seem like a strange place to look for a railway station.
But from the end of the 19th century till 1935, a line linked Lynton to Barnstaple.
And in recent years, along a short stretch of that line, the chugging of steam engines has been heard again.
Keen to keep his beloved Lynton tranquil, Sir George Newnes ensured that this railway, which he also championed, would avoid Minehead and lifracombe, which he apparently believed were being scandalised by drunken Welsh on Sundays.
The Lynton and Barnstaple Railway Trust Is currently renovating the line and has bought Woody Bay Station.
Tony Nicholson Is a trustee.
- Tony.
- Michael.
Very good to see you.
This railway had quite a brief life, didn't it? Yes.
It was opened in 1898, so quite late as railways go, and closed in 1935, so only 37 years.
So it died young and stayed beautiful.
You've got a little bit of the railway open now.
How much? Just a mile so far, but we have big plans.
What are your plans? Eventually to go right back to Lynton and Barnstaple, recreate the railway.
- That would be what, about 20 miles? - Nineteen miles.
Nineteen miles.
From sea level at Barnstaple Town Station where It connected with the standard gauge line to lifracombe, the line curved through Barnstaple and snaked up the Yeo Valley to Exmoor where for eight miles It climbed at an almost continuous 1 In 50 gradient.
Entrusted today with making that same ascent Is the railway's lovingly restored Joffre Class locomotive, one of 7060cm gauge engines built In Stoke-on-Trent In 1915 for the French Army to use along the Western Front.
Hello.
This doesn't look like standard steam engine equipment.
We sneak that in in the morning and we have breakfast.
We get the engine ready, get the fire lit and then we have breakfast.
- And so you're cooking the bacon there? - We're cooking the bacon.
- In the fire box? - That's about ready.
- Would you like to try one? - I certainly would.
Thank you very much.
You are an engine driver and gentleman, sir.
Although It's going to leave me somewhat stranded, I'm determined to take a ride to the only stop on the line.
The food service on this train certainly beats any buffet trolley.
This is the bacon butty express.
So the train has arrived at Killington Lane, end of the line.
It looks like it's ended in a field.
I can't wait for the line to be completed to Barnstaple.
As there's still 18 miles of unrestored line, I'm left with no choice but to continue my journey by road.
My next destination Is Barnstaple on the River Taw, which In the late 16th and early 17th centuries became a busy port whose Great Quay and Little Quay were built to accommodate the Import of tobacco, wine and spices and the export of Devon wool and pottery.
Bradshaw's tells me that Barnstaple is a sea port situated on the River Taw which is crossed by a bridge of 16 arches.
Apparently the principle manufactures are baize, woollens, bobbin net, paper, pottery, tanning, malt and ship building, to which Bradshaw's could have added furniture.
In 1851, Barnstaple entrepreneur Henry Shapland returned from America.
He'd discovered modern woodworking techniques and set about constructing a wavy moulding machine.
His business flourished, particularly when the railway enabled goods to be transported swiftly from production line to London emporia.
His factory, which now produces specialist doors, became renowned for fitting out cruise liners and, of even greater Interest to me, Pullman railway carriages.
I'm meeting Production Analyst Peter Jenkins to find out more.
- Peter.
- Michael, nice to meet you.
I see evidence here of railway tracks.
Was it used by the factory for sending its furniture out to the markets? It was used for the furniture industry and also for doing carriages for the railways as well, which they refurbished in and out of their main sort of design of furniture.
It was an addition to what they did.
It was quite skilled.
- High quality stuff.
- Very high quality stuff.
Predominantly setting out by train.
Predominantly setting out by train.
True.
Freight operations on the Barnstaple to lifracombe branch, which serviced the factory, ceased In the 1960s as part of the cuts made by the Chairman of The British Railways Board, Dr Richard Beeching.
And In 1970 Its passenger services also ceased.
I'm hoping that some of Shapland's older staff might remember It and the long-since demolished bridge that carried It across the River Taw.
Hello, gentlemen.
I hear that you are long serving employees here.
- Yes.
- How far do you go back? I'm the youngest.
I've been here 44 years.
- Fantastic.
- And I'm 47 and a half.
And I'm just coming up for 50 years.
Amazing.
Do you remember the bridge that used to go across here? It looked rather rickety, really, or almost infirm because it was only a single carriageway track and when you were on it, it went over it very, very slow because I suppose it was obviously a speed limit because it wasn't that clever and whenever there was any bad weather, they would have the divers out to check the bridge before the trains go over.
Watching the divers checking the bridge doesn't increase your confidence.
Thank you so much, gentlemen.
I've enjoyed sharing your memories.
Bye.
Enjoy the rest of your journey.
Barnstaple does retain one historic bridge, which apparently confused my "Bradshaw's".
I'm hoping that the town council's Peter Doel can explain.
- Good afternoon, Michael.
- It's a very beautiful bridge here.
My Bradshaw's Guide tells me it has 16 arches, but I can only count 15.
It's an easy mistake because the final arch on the town end is actually a subway on dry land and at one time the bridge is often described as having 13, cos the final three at the town end were in wood and only later replaced in stone so sometimes you hear it described as having 13.
So my Bradshaw's was not wrong.
No, not wrong as such.
There is only 15 actually spanning the river today.
Now, we are standing in front of the most handsome clock tower.
Not mentioned in Bradshaw's.
Was it here in the 1860s? It was completed in 1862.
So it probably just misses your Bradshaw's.
Let's go and have a closer look.
Like so many towns across these Islands, Barnstaple has a memorial to Queen Victoria's Prince Consort, Albert.
And I hear that this one has a quirk.
Can we see signs that it's dedicated to Albert? There are two memorial panels either side, plus incorporated in the architecture there is the letter A.
You see it over and over once you start looking for it.
I don't want to be rude but I'm looking up at two faces at the moment and they tell different times.
Do you not keep it up to speed? We do.
All four faces actually tell a different story.
They're known locally as the four-faced liar.
Supposedly when the clock was installed it was never fully synchronised and when the town council restored the clock in 2009 we decided to fossilise that four-faced liar within the electronic regulator that is in there today.
In my political career, I met a few two-faced liars but this is my first experience of a four-faced liar.
One of them's correct, though.
- Very nice to see you.
- Hello.
I'm very interested in your clock which tells a different time on every face.
- Can you explain that to me? - No.
It used to be called a lying clock, I think, because each face was different.
Does it make people in Barnstaple confused? Yes.
You always look at your watch.
It goes "bong".
No.
You look at which face relates to your watch.
Well, enjoy the summer's weather.
As the Devon evening draws In, my thirst needs quenching.
This is the Golden Lion which scores a mention in my Bradshaw's Guide.
It seems a good place to end the day.
Cheers.
My first stop on this new day will be the delightfully named Eggersford, which is hardly a metropolis.
Indeed, my Bradshaw's describes it as having no particular attraction, and yet every train on this line stops there.
It's not even a request stop as many of the stations are.
And I'm thinking there must be a reason why.
I'm travelling towards Exeter on the Tarka Line, so named because It follows the gentle river valleys of Henry Williamson's classic novel "Tarka the Otter".
- Hello.
- Hi.
I notice that all the trains stop at tiny little Eggersford.
- Yes.
- Do you know why that is? Yes, it's the point of exchange of the tokens.
Because it's a single line everywhere else, each train has to have its own specific token because the token runs from Eggersford to Barnstaple, back to Eggersford.
Right, so it's a single line.
Of course.
It's the safest way of operating the actual line so no two trains can be on the same section.
Exactly.
You can only have one train at a time.
As we arrive Into Eggersford, I'm keen to see whether the single line token system has become as automated as the rest of the railways.
OK, Crediton signalman, I've removed the Eggersford to Crediton key token.
The whole scene could be Victorian.
Apart from the Portakabin.
- Token in hand, signalman informed.
- He is indeed.
- How was the journey for you, sir? - Very nice.
Have a good one yourself.
- Thank you.
- Bye-bye now.
I understand why trains stop at Eggersford today, but tokens were Introduced on this line only In 1987.
I'm hoping that local Derek Dyer will be able to tell me why they've been stopping In sleepy Eggersford ever since Bradshaw's day.
- This is downtown Eggersford? - Yes.
This is Eggersford.
It's been known locally as the church without a village as there's not much else around here.
Why have we come to this vantage point? If you look up on the hill, you can see Eggersford House.
It came into the Earls of Portsmouth family by marriage in the 18th century and the chap that became the 4th Earl of Portsmouth, Newton Fellowes, got the road built through here and also the railway.
And what conditions had he put on allowing the railway though his land? He made it quite clear, I think, in a legal covenant, that he wanted every train to stop at Eggersford.
Clearly he wanted to show off his country estate as well.
What remnants are there of the Earls of Portsmouth? Do you see their name around? Yes, in the local area, they owned about 10,000 acres of land around here.
A huge, huge estate considering it wasn't their main estate.
They had estates in Hampshire as well.
They built a school in the area, there's workers' cottages which have built in pig sties.
Probably at the time it was forward thinking.
You know, I think it would be fantastic.
I mean, not for me, companion of honour, not for me, a knight of the garter.
To be remembered as the man who made the train stop in perpetuity, that's all I want.
Yes, he's very well loved in the area, I think, still, the Earl of Portsmouth.
Mainly because there's a pub named after him.
My next stop will be Exeter, which my Bradshaw's tells me is the capital of Devon and of the west of England.
"A bishop's see, city and parliamentary borough on the Great Western Railway 194 miles from London.
" So I'm going from one of Devon's least used stations to one of its busiest.
Back In the 2nd century, the Romans built a sturdy wall around Exeter.
A Norman castle and cathedral followed.
The city's more recent prosperity was built on engineering, Iron, brewing, papermaking and printing.
The first train of the Great Western Railway steamed Into St Davids Station from London on May 11844.
Exeter, says Bradshaw's, "stretches for nearly two miles over a hill above the river and is therefore not only pleasantly seated but well drained".
"At the top, north of the town, are the picturesque ruined walls and gate of Rougemont Castle.
" And then it talks about "the fine elm walk of Northernbay".
But I think that's either a mistake or a misprint because the gardens in Exeter, I believe, are called Northernhay and they overlook Exeter Central Station.
Incorporating a stretch of Roman wall and the only length of Saxon town wall seen In England, Northernhay Gardens underwent major re-landscaping In 1860, Including the terraces overlooking the railway.
Galvin Short looks after the gardens now.
For the railway enthusiast, the great thing is that you can see the gardens from the railway and see the railway from the gardens.
Were the Victorians keen to come here and look at the trains? Absolutely.
We also have a view of, what, the jail over there? The county jail, yes.
It was built in 1853.
It was the location for all our public executions until 1866.
So you could stand here, watch the trains go by, afternoon, catch a hanging and then go off and do other things.
We've got the three tiers going up and apparently, according to the records, they were full.
It was shoulder-to-shoulder, line-to-line of people watching both.
Yeah, the Victorians could be a bit ghoulish, couldn't they? Above the tiered walkway Is the park proper.
Galvin appears to be as passionate about It as his Victorian predecessors.
What is the history of this lovely verdant space? Northernhay Gardens is officially designated the oldest public open space in the country and that's dated at 1612.
And what I'm looking at today? You're looking at a quintessential Victorian layout.
You've got a nice wide avenue of footpaths, but the purpose of the footpaths was that Victorian habit of going out for a stroll, perambulating around, exchanging business cards, exchanging pleasantries, and, most importantly, being seen.
Being seen doing it.
The Victorians took parks seriously, didn't they? They did.
The first official public park was built and designed by Paxton, Joseph Paxton, who passed away in 1865.
Every public park should have a statue of him on the main gate because without his drive at the time parks would still be the realm of the rich.
Who are the other great Victorian figures in the park world? Well, if I could have a statue of Joseph Paxton at one end of the park, James Veitch senior would have to be at the other end.
Who was he? James Veitch senior was the powerhouse behind the House of Veitch, which was the internationally acclaimed nurseries which are Exeter based.
And we can look around any part of the Exeter skyline and there's the heritage for all to see.
At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Importing plants became easier and James Veltch took full advantage.
He started In Devon, but In 1853 his family opened a nursery In Chelsea.
Their plant houses attracted high society as royalty and scientists, Including Charles Darwin, admired and studied the Veltch collections.
Galvin Is replanting the park In the Veltch style.
What I'd like you to do, if you don't mind, is help me with this project.
Here's a sweet pea.
And if we can get a couple of the sweet peas in that frame, hopefully by about August we'll have a tower of flowers.
Thank you very much.
In the best traditions of a Victorian head gardener, I'll just push that in with my foot.
To satisfy the Victorian demand for exotics, Veltch sent plant hunters to the corners of the globe and his passion for precise knowledge was typical of the age.
The urge to gather plants from around the world was part of a broader Victorian mentality.
They were collators, cataloguers, and curators.
Everything, from bottles to beetles, and tortoises to tyrannosaurus was, for the Victorians, collectible.
When Prince Albert died, Exeter responded by building The Albert Memorial Institution on Queen Street.
The building housed a museum, art gallery, public library, school of art and a college.
These days, It's known as The Royal Albert Memorial Museum and contains many and varied Victorian collections, now cared for by the conservation department led by Alison Hopper Bishop.
I've come in search of Victorian collections.
Hello.
Well, you'll find plenty of those here.
This is a prime example.
What are these? This is a small selection of shells from the collection donated to us by Miss Linter who was an avid shell dealer and collector of land snails.
This is her.
She made it her mission to collect every land snail that was known about.
The collection is very important to us today because many of the snails that she did collect are now extinct in the part of the world that they came from, in particular Hawaii.
At least 50 animal species have become extinct since Bradshaw's day, Including mammals, reptiles, amphibians and birds.
I don't know much about shells, but my guess is that this thing here is not a snail shell.
What is that? It's a moa egg.
It's an extinct bird from New Zealand.
How rare is that? There's only 36 specimens of a decent size been catalogued in the world, but at the moment we're thinking this might be a 37th one.
How exciting.
What are you having to do? Clean it up.
Because of the DNA, you have to use dry methods if possible.
- DNA of an extinct species.
- Yes.
Wonderful.
So, Kirsty, what do you actually have to do to these shells? - Do you want to have a go? - Yes, I'd love to.
- Gloves.
- Gloves for you.
Yes, please.
So, here, that's a shell for you.
So this one is in its original box.
In its original box with its original packaging.
- You've got two shells in there.
- I have.
You'll want to use tweezers.
Kirsty's cleaned around 20,000 snall shells In three and a half years.
That's almost the entirety of Miss Linter's collection.
But the snall catalogue numbers In excess of 60,000 and they all need cleaning.
- Do you think the fellow's clean? - I think so.
Very satisfying to think that another little Victorian shell has taken a bath.
- Thank you very much.
- Thank you.
Both the clock tower in Barnstaple and the museum in Exeter were memorials to Prince Albert, the beloved husband of Queen Victoria, who, with his support of progress and innovation, was a typical Victorian.
George Bradshaw might be especially grateful to him for it was he who persuaded Her Majesty that it was safe and ladylike and fit for a queen to travel by train.
On my next journey, I'll take to sea with the heroes of the RNLI - Couple of big waves coming now.
- There we go.
Whoa! At the moment it feels a bit like, I imagine, a jockey in the Grand National.
We're going up and down and over the fences.
I'll visit a stormy coastal railway When the waves hit this section, the plumes of water go right over the top of the footbridge of the station.
and have a close encounter with a boyhood hero.
This is exciting.
Is this genuinely a section of Brunel's pipe? It is indeed, yes.